Starting your day with a glass of warm water might seem like a small and simple habit, but it can have significant benefits for your health and well-being. This practice, rooted in ancient traditions like Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine, has gained popularity in modern wellness circles for good reasons. Here's why you should consider making warm water your go-to morning beverage. Kickstarts Your Digestive System Warm water stimulates your digestive system, helping your body to process food more effectively throughout the day. It can help dissolve and flush out oil and grease from the foods you consumed, and it supports the smooth passage of waste. This can be particularly beneficial for preventing constipation and promoting regular bowel movements. Hydrates Your Body After several hours of sleep, your body is naturally dehydrated. Drinking warm water first thing in the morning helps replenish lost fluids. Proper hydration is essential for maintaining all bodily functions, from circulation to temperature regulation and nutrient absorption. Detoxifies Your System Warm water can help flush out toxins that accumulate in your body overnight. By promoting sweat and urine production, it assists your kidneys and digestive tract in eliminating waste products. Enhanced detoxification can improve overall health and reduce the risk of infections and disease. Aids in Weight Loss Drinking warm water can increase your body temperature, which, in turn, boosts your metabolic rate. A higher metabolic rate allows your body to burn more calories throughout the day. Additionally, warm water can help curb appetite, reducing the likelihood of overeating. Soothes and Relaxes Starting your day with a warm drink can have a calming effect on your nervous system. The warmth can help soothe your stomach and intestines, reducing discomfort and bloating. It also prepares your body for the day ahead, promoting a sense of relaxation and well-being. Enhances Blood Circulation Warm water expands your blood vessels, improving circulation. Good blood flow is crucial for transporting nutrients and oxygen to various parts of your body. Improved circulation also supports cardiovascular health and can help reduce muscle and joint pain. Supports Healthy Skin Hydration plays a vital role in maintaining healthy skin. Drinking warm water helps keep your skin hydrated from within, reducing the risk of dryness and wrinkles. Enhanced blood circulation also ensures that your skin receives essential nutrients, promoting a healthy, glowing complexion. Balances Your Body's pH Levels Drinking warm water can help balance your body's pH levels. An acidic pH level can lead to various health issues, including digestive problems and weakened immunity. Warm water can neutralize the acids in your stomach, promoting a more alkaline environment which is conducive to better health. How to Make Warm Water a Morning Habit Incorporating warm water into your morning routine is simple and easy. Here are a few tips to help you get started: Temperature : Ensure the water is warm, not hot. Scalding water can damage delicate tissues in your mouth and throat. Additions : Enhance the benefits by adding a slice of lemon, a teaspoon of honey, or a pinch of turmeric. Consistency : Make it a daily ritual. Consistency is key to experiencing the long-term benefits. Timing : Drink your warm water first thing in the morning on an empty stomach for optimal results. Conclusion Drinking warm water in the morning is a small change that can have a big impact on your health. From aiding digestion and detoxification to boosting metabolism and hydration, this simple habit can help you start your day on the right foot. So, tomorrow morning, instead of reaching for a cup of coffee, try a glass of warm water and feel the difference it can make.According to Japanese and Chinese Water Therapy, it's good to drink warm water first thing in the morning as it helps promote a strong digestive system and enhance your nutrient absorption. Most importantly, it boosts your immune system, and a healthy body leads to a healthy mind of course.

Chlorella is a type of single-celled green algae that grows in freshwater. This tiny organism packs a powerful punch when it comes to nutritional value, and it's often hailed as a superfood. Here's a closer look at what chlorella is, its benefits, and how it can be incorporated into your diet. What is Chlorella? Chlorella is a genus of about thirteen species of green algae, with Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella pyrenoidosa being the most commonly used for nutritional supplements. Due to its high chlorophyll content, chlorella has a vibrant green color and is known for its ability to harness sunlight and convert it into energy through photosynthesis. Nutritional Profile Chlorella is rich in a variety of essential nutrients, including: Proteins : Contains all nine essential amino acids, making it a complete protein source. Vitamins : High in vitamins A, C, E, and K, as well as several B vitamins, including B12, which is rare in plant sources. Minerals : Packed with iron, magnesium, zinc, and potassium. Antioxidants : High levels of chlorophyll, beta-carotene, and lutein. Omega-3 Fatty Acids : Contains essential fatty acids that are beneficial for heart health. Health Benefits Detoxification : Chlorella is known for its ability to bind to heavy metals and other toxins, helping to remove them from the body. This makes it a popular supplement for detoxification programs. Immune Support : The nutrients in chlorella, particularly its high levels of antioxidants and vitamins, support the immune system, helping the body to fight off infections and diseases. Improved Digestion : Chlorella's high fiber content aids in digestion and promotes a healthy gut microbiome. Energy Boost : The rich blend of nutrients in chlorella can help increase energy levels and reduce fatigue. Blood Sugar and Cholesterol : Some studies suggest that chlorella can help regulate blood sugar levels and lower bad cholesterol, promoting cardiovascular health. Skin Health : The high antioxidant content in chlorella helps protect the skin from oxidative stress and can contribute to a healthier, more youthful appearance. How to Incorporate Chlorella into Your Diet Chlorella is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, powders, and liquid extracts. Here are some ways to add it to your diet: Smoothies : Add a teaspoon of chlorella powder to your morning smoothie for an extra nutrient boost. Juices : Mix chlorella powder with fresh vegetable or fruit juice. Supplements : Take chlorella tablets or capsules as directed by the manufacturer or your healthcare provider. Salads and Soups : Sprinkle chlorella powder over salads or stir it into soups for added nutrition. Things to Consider Quality : Choose high-quality chlorella supplements from reputable brands to ensure you're getting a pure product without contaminants. Dosage : Start with a small dose and gradually increase it, as chlorella can sometimes cause digestive discomfort in some people. Consultation : If you have any health conditions or are taking medications, consult your healthcare provider before starting chlorella supplements. Chlorella is a potent superfood that offers a wide range of health benefits. By incorporating it into your diet, you can take advantage of its rich nutrient profile and support your overall health and well-being.

The saying "You are what you eat" has been a cornerstone of nutritional advice for decades. However, a more accurate reflection of health might be "You are what you can digest." The distinction may seem subtle, but it's crucial. Your body's ability to break down and absorb nutrients from food is what truly determines how well you thrive. Here’s why understanding digestion is essential to your well-being. The Journey of Digestion Mouth and Saliva: The First Step Digestion begins in the mouth, where chewing breaks down food into smaller pieces, and saliva mixes with food to begin the process of carbohydrate digestion. Proper mastication ensures that food is adequately prepared for the digestive enzymes it will encounter later. Stomach: The Acidic Breakdown In the stomach, gastric juices containing hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes further break down food into a semi-liquid form called chyme. The stomach’s acidic environment is critical for digesting proteins and killing harmful bacteria. Small Intestine: The Absorption Hub The small intestine is where the magic happens. Here, enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver work to digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The walls of the small intestine are lined with villi and microvilli, which absorb nutrients into the bloodstream. This stage is crucial because, without proper absorption, even the healthiest diet can be ineffective. Large Intestine: The Final Stage In the large intestine, water and electrolytes are absorbed, and beneficial bacteria ferment undigested carbohydrates. This process helps form solid waste to be excreted. A healthy gut microbiome in the large intestine is vital for overall health. Factors Affecting Digestion 1. Enzyme Production Digestive enzymes are proteins that break down food into nutrients. Conditions like pancreatic insufficiency can impair enzyme production, leading to poor digestion and nutrient absorption. 2. Stomach Acid Levels Adequate levels of stomach acid are essential for digesting proteins and absorbing minerals like calcium and magnesium. Low stomach acid, or hypochlorhydria, can lead to indigestion and nutrient deficiencies. 3. Gut Health The health of your gut lining and the balance of your gut microbiota play significant roles in digestion. Conditions like leaky gut syndrome or dysbiosis (an imbalance in gut bacteria) can hinder nutrient absorption and cause systemic inflammation. 4. Stress and Lifestyle Chronic stress can negatively impact digestion by diverting energy away from the digestive system, leading to issues like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Poor lifestyle choices, such as inadequate sleep and lack of physical activity, can also impair digestive function. Optimising Digestion for Better Health 1. Mindful Eating Eating mindfully means chewing your food thoroughly and savoring each bite. This practice not only enhances the mechanical breakdown of food but also triggers the release of digestive enzymes. 2. Balanced Diet A diet rich in fiber, lean proteins, healthy fats, and complex carbohydrates supports digestive health. Fermented foods like yogurt, kefir, and sauerkraut can introduce beneficial bacteria to your gut. 3. Hydration Adequate water intake is essential for digestion, as it helps dissolve nutrients and transport them through the digestive tract. 4. Probiotics and Prebiotics Probiotics are live beneficial bacteria that can improve gut health, while prebiotics are non-digestible fibers that feed these good bacteria. Incorporating both into your diet can support a healthy microbiome. 5. Manage Stress Practicing stress-reducing techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, and regular exercise can improve your digestive health by reducing the impact of stress on your body. Conclusion While what you eat is undoubtedly important, how well your body digests and absorbs those nutrients is the real key to health. By focusing on optimizing your digestive health through mindful eating, a balanced diet, adequate hydration, and stress management, you can ensure that your body gets the most out of the foods you consume. Remember, you are not just what you eat; you are what you can digest.

Before starting an overview of recent research on Chlorella and its extract, CGF, allow me to introduce this green freshwater unicellular micro-algae, which has been in existence for 2,5 billion years. Chlorella is a food supplement. In Japan, it is used daily by 4 million people, to such an extentthat the Japanese government has declared it a « functional food of national interest ». Why does this plant arouse such interest? Chlorella contains an almost complete range of vitamins (apart from vitamin D), all the main minerals, large amounts of iron and calcium that render it very useful to anaemic peope, 19 amino acids and 60% of vegetable protein. It contains 10 times more vitamin A than beef liver per gram, and 40 times more protein per gram than soya, rice and wheat. It contains more chlorophyll than any other plant (4 times more than Spirulina). Besides its obvious nutritional qualities, Chlorella has been the subject of many medical studies, much more than any other food supplement. I have been able to find only around 40 studies about Spirulina, compared with 300 or more about Chlorella, and these studies were spread over forty years. Chlorella’s history Let us now look at Chlorella’s history. Chlorella was discovered in 1890 by a Dutch biologist, Beyerinck.1 The natural wealth of the plant immediately excited scientific interest. During the First World War a German microbiology specialist, Hardner Linder, undertook an experiment, feeding German troops with Chlorella. The end of the war, and the fact that in its natural state Chlorella is mostly indigestible, led to unsatisfactory results in this first test.2 During the Second World War Lindner carried out a second experiment, once again with little success.3 Since the seventies, a technique which breaks open the cellular envelope has rendered Chlorella 80% digestible. In 1948 the Stanford Research Institute in the USA demonstrated that it was possible to grow and harvest large quantities of Chlorella all year round. At this time the Americans were looking at Chlorella as a potential source of oxygen, protein and vitamins for astronauts during space trips. During the same period, Japan was emerging from the war, destroyed by the atom bombs andruined by the war. With the help of an American charity, the Rockefeller Foundation, and after a comparative study of 100 plants, Japan chose to develop Chlorella as a potential protein source to feed its population. In 1957 a Chlorella research institute was set up in Japanto find the best means of exploiting the algae. Used in drinks, biscuits and dried milk In these early years the Japanese used Chlorella in very varied foods : in drinks, biscuits, andin the dried milk powder that was given out in all Japanese schools and to National Defence2troops. The use of Chlorella in drinks was inspired by the first medical studies on Chlorella,which had shown that Chlorella stimulated the growth of lactobacilli. People who regularlyconsumed foods containing Chlorella started reporting beneficial effects on their health.4 These observations in turn lead to further medical experiments. Well aware that chlorophyll stimulates wound healing, and that Chlorella is the plant that contains most chlorophyll, Japanese doctors tested Chlorella on patients suffering from gastric and duodenal ulcers. Chlorella yielded a success rate of 100% in healing gastric ulcers, and in the case of duodenalulcers, 71%.5 Further positive results were obtained when Chlorella was fed to patientssuffering from refractory wounds. In one case of a wound open for more than a year, the skinbegan to reform over the wound after one month of algae supplementation.6 Fewer colds for Chlorella users In 1966 a study was carried out over three months on 1000 people on a ship belonging to theJapanese navy. Results showed that consuming two grams of Chlorella per day reduced thefrequency of colds and flu by 37%.7 The results of this study were later confirmed by a Bulgarian study carried out in 1983. A group of 463 calves was monitored during the year following birth. The calves were divided into 5 batches and treated by different methods against bovine broncho-pneumonia, includingtwo veterinary vaccines. The most effective treatment was a combination of Chlorella and ahyper immune bovine serum, which protected 80% of the animals against the illness. ButChlorella used alone protected 72% of the batch, compared to 56-60% protected in the twobatches treated with vaccines.8 The same year (1966) as the study on the sailors, Japanese doctors started to give Chlorella topatients undergoing chemiotherapy after surgical ablation of cancerous tumours. Experimentsshowed that the consumption of Chlorella stopped the white bloodcell count from dropping asit often does during this type of treatment.9 It is interesting to note that, as a result of these experiments, trials of Chlorella started in France. In 1976, Dr Vermeil and his team in Rennes carried out two experiments10 to see if Chlorella could help cure cancers. I have never managed to find an account of these experiments, but according to a summary in an American book about Chlorella, Dr Vermeil injected the algae straight into tumours. The results, according to Dr Steenblock,11 were not clear enough to prove an anti-tumoral effect. But before detailing these rather serious medical aspects, I would like to come back to less serious subjects. Chlorella given to nursing newborns In 1962 and 1963, Dr Takida made a substitute for artifical babymilk, in which Chlorella was used as protein, mixed with honey, flour, soya oil and Mackarum-Simmons salts. This mixture was given to newborn babies who had developed allergies to commercial babymilk. The results proved that this mixture could indeed replace commercial milk. Two of the newborn babies who suffered from eczema were cured after a week of consuming the Chlorella milk. When fed with the commercial milk once again, the eczema reappeared immediately. Obviously, before giving Chlorella to newborn babies, the Japanese scientists had carried outnumerous experiments on animals. It became obvious from these experiments that Chlorellacontains a substance unique to this plant, as it was found that children and young animals fedwith Chlorella grew faster than control groups. Animals consuming Chlorella grow faster For example, in an experiment with white rats, Dr Nakamura used a control group fed with 10% of casein and compared them with groups fed with 2%, 5% and 10% of Chlorella. After 100 days, for a value of 100 attributed to the control group, values of 108, 114 and 111 were noted for the groups fed with Chlorella.12 In another experiment, 1% of Chlorella was added to the food given to mice. Even with this tiny amount, the mice in the « Chlorella group » grew at a faster rate than the mice in the control group.13 Cellular regeneration Tested on adult animals and humans, Chlorella accelerates cellular regeneration and stimulates cicatrization, as has already shown in the studies on ulcers and refractory wounds. In a summary of these studies, which Dr Takechi wrote in 1967 for the Japan Health Journal, he says: Chlorella contains an unknown vegetable hormone which produces effects different from those of gibberelline and kinetine. This hormone has a stimulating effect on the growth of the plumule of plants, situated above the cotyledons. Dr Takada, Dr Kuze and others report that it stimulates chlorophyll production. The Japanese named this growth hormone « Chlorella Growth Factor », usually shortened to CGF. The CGF in Chlorella is extracted by making a concentrate of Chlorella, available in liquid or powder form. It takes 15 kg of Chlorella, heated in water, to obtain 1kg of CGF. The concentrate is obtained by skimming the heated liquid. The remains of the Chlorella are used as animal feed. What are the effects produced by this CGF extract? In 1962 a series of studies on CGF began. In one of these studies, newborn babies were given5mg of CGF per day. At birth, these babies were on average smaller than those in the controlgroup. During a five-year observation period, the « CGF children » grew to become taller andbetter developed than those in the control group. Scientists also noted that the childrenconsuming CGF had exceptionally healthy teeth, devoid of the slightest cary. Chlorella and CGF contain a natural antibiotic that scientists called Chlorellane, which can befound in a very concentrated form in CGF. Chlorella is very rich in DNA and RNA and in CGF these elements are about five times more concentrated than in the algae itself. At the beginning of the sixties, Professor Fujimaki of the People’s Scientific Research Center in Tokyo carried out experiments to better understand the composants in Chlorella. In the course of these experiments, he discovered CGF. Several experiments carried out on animals proved that CGF has extraordinary effects. Fujimaki noticed that when young rabbits, mice, rats and chicks were fed with CGF, an impressive acceleration of their growth occurred. Furthermore, these animals seemed to be less vulnerable to illnesses. Their size and weight rose from 19 to 47% percent without any negative secondary effect. CGF effects animal reproduction rates As soon as these animals reached sexual maturity, the reproduction rate rose as well. These results are without doubt due to the increased sexual activity of these animals in comparison with the control group. Researchers were able to confirm these results during thenext ten years, in innumerable experiments carried out on all kinds of animals. » Chlorella used for heavy metal poisoning During the seventies scientists found yet another use for Chlorella. In 1978 rats were given Chlorella mixed with cadmium for 10 days. A control group was given cadmium with their usual food. The symptoms of poisoning that were obvious in the control group were totally absent in the group taking Chlorella. Later tests showed that once cadmium comes into contact with Chlorella, it cannot detach itself and passes through the rat’s body without poisoning it. At the time there had been many cases of humans poisoned by heavy metals. In 1975 Dr Himura gave 8 grams of Chlorella per day to patients suffering from cadmium poisoning. He observed that after Chlorella consumption for 12 days, there was a three-fold increase of cadmium elimination. …. Twenty-four days later, the amount of cadmium found in the patients’s urine had been multiplied by seven compared to the amount eliminated without Chlorella. Following these experiments and many others of the same kind, Chlorella was used in Japan and later in the USA and Europe to speed up the detoxication process for people suffering from heavy metal poisoning. Today, Chlorella is part of the detoxication protocol recommended by some dentists to people having their mercury fillings extracted, in order to eliminate all traces of mercury in the body. Other research has confirmed that Chlorella acts as a chelator in cases of PCB and chlordecone-based pesticide poisonings18. It is interesting to note that if one adds Chlorella tothe water in sewage works, it can clean and purify dirty water. Searching for recent studies on Internet the other night, I found the following study, which may amuse you. The Biology Department of a women’s university in Lahore, Pakistan, has developed a loofah sponge that removes heavy metals from water. The scientists fixed a typeof Chlorella (Chlorella sorkiniana) in sponge discs. In 5 minutes these sponges can attract andfix 97% of the metallic ions in polluted water. Once cleaned, these sponges can be used up tofive times. Prevents dioxins from being absorbed by the body Recent studies suggest that Chlorella can also cleanse the human body of other types of toxins. According to a Japanese study published in 1999, Chlorella can prevent dioxins in food from being absorbed by the body. In the study, rats were fed with a rice oil containing dioxins. Half of the rats were given the poisoned oil with 10% of Chlorella. The amount of dioxins eliminated by the rats eating the Chlorella was 12 times greater than the amount eliminated by the control group. Another experiment showed that Chlorella absorbed after the poisoning was less effective, but nevertheless led to a higher elimination rate. But let us go back to CGF, an extract with some interesting effects. In an experiment carried out in 1980 in Japan, cancerous cells were implanted into mice. Themice were divided into three groups, a control group, a group fed with chlorella (split-nucleusChlorella), and a group fed with glycoprotein-enriched Chlorella. Each Chlorella-fed groupwas divided into two, Chlorella given before the cancer implantation, and Chlorella givenafterwards. After 60 days, all the mice in the control group were dead. All the mice having been given the Chlorella after the cancer implantation were also dead, but in the group that had been given split-nucleus Chlorella before implantion, 8 out of 10 mice were still alive after 60 days. After this experiment and many others, scientists became curious to see if Chlorella worked by stimulating the body’s natural defenses, the macrophage cells. In a study carried out by theKanazawa Medical College in Japan in 1988, cells from mouse mammary cancer, leukemiacells, and Ehrlich tumours were implanted into mice. At the end of 20 days, all the mice in thecontrol group had died, but 73% and 80% of the mice in the split-nucleus Chlorella and CGFgroups were still alive after a period of 60 days. Once again, it was noted that Chlorella onlyprotected the mice if it was administered beforehand. Very recent studies have confirmed that Chlorella prevents the white bloodcell count from dropping owing to use of cancer treatment medecines. In 1996 a team of scientists in Fukoka,Japan, published a report showing that « the subcutaneous administration of a glycoproteinprepared from a Chlorella vulgaris culture reduced the death rate of mice carrying tumorstreated with 5-fluorouracil. » A Brazilian team has demonstrated the existence of a similar effect, in a study published in 1999. Mice were injected with a sublethal dose of Listeria monocytogenes. The administration of the chlorella extract CGF raised the level of activity of the macrophage cells in the experimental group. All the mice in the control group died, but 20% of one group and 52% of a second group of mice that had been given the CGF beforehand survived. In the face of all these studies, it is clear that the consumption of Chlorella can be a useful help in the fight against cancer, because of the fact that Chlorella reinforces white bloodcells and stimulates macrophage activity, and this remains true even during chemiotherapy or radiotherapy treatment. By saying this I do not wish to imply that Chlorella protects people against cancer, or that it has an anti-tumoral effect, merely that it helps the body to use its natural defences to fight the disease. A study that clearly demonstrates the protective effect of Chlorella was carried out by the neuro-surgical department of the University of Virginia Hospital on a group of twenty patients suffering from brain tumours. The goal of the study was to determine if Chlorella consumption could raise the patients’ resistance to respiratory diseases during the course of their treatment by chemio- and radio6 therapy. Up to 50% of people suffering from cancer die not because of their cancer, but because of banal « opportunist » diseases such as mild respiratory diseases which become lethal because the body is unable to resist them.. The quantity of Chlorella consumed by thesepeople was massive: they took 10 grams of Chlorella and 150ml of CGF in liquid form every day for two years. The final report noted that all the patients had managed to maintain a normal number of whitebloodcells, even in the case of patients whose white bloodcell count had fallen sharply beforethe beginning of the Chlorella treatment. That said, eating Chlorella did not prevent some ofthe patients dying of their cancer; at the end of the study, 9 patients were still alive and for of them, the tumour had not progressed. On the other hand, another element contained in Chlorella represents a real hope against cancer: chlorophyll. The many benefits of chlorophyll Modern-day doctors are no longer aware that chlorophyll has medicinal effects. But here is a quote I found in an encyclopaedia of medicinal plants in the pharmacology section of the University of Paris. This encyclopaedia was published in 1944. The long list of the medicinal effects of chlorophyll includes the following extract: “It is prescribed in all cases of anaemia due to haemorrhages, in the case of recent infections,and for people suffering from cancer, to combat the anaemia consecutive to the use of deep radiotherapy. “Indeed, if one takes care to precede each session with a chlorophyll injection, one can without inconvenience administer strong X-ray doses without this resulting in the usual anaemia which enforces long waiting periods between sessions.” Almost 50 years after this quote, during the nineties, scientists all over the world carried out experiments proving that chlorophyll protects the body against cancerogenic substances. In these experiments, scientists attempted to cause cancer in animals by exposing them to known mutagenic substances. In every case, the administration of chlorophylline, a substance derived from chlorophyll, insured that the animals did not in fact develop the expected tumours. Chlorella needs direct sunshine to be effective And as the chlorophyll in Chlorella is produced by the sun, I will leave you with the following quote written by a Japanese scientist some time after the discovery of the astonishing Chlorella Growth Factor. “This special substance is not only absent from most plant extracts, it is also absent from Chlorella that is grown in the dark (with lamps), in which sugar provides the carbon source. The formation of this hormone is inextricably linked to photosynthesis. Since Chlorella’s particular effects are linked to the special substances that it produces during its exposure to sunlight, other than for simple protein production, we must make sure to use Chlorella produced in full sunlight.” List of the research studies on chlorophyll. Antigenotoxic activity of natural chlorophylls , Okayama University, Japan 1997 Protection by chlorophyllin against the covalent binding of 2-amino-methyimidazo (4,5-f) quinoline (IQ) to rat liver DNA (substance mutagène) University of Hawaii, Honolulu 1992 Protective properties of chlorophylls against the covalent binding of heterocyclic amines to DNAin vitro and in vivo. Hawaii 1995 Inhibition of radiation-induced DNA damage in plasmid pBR322 by chlorophyllin and possible mechanisms of action. Babha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India 1999 Binding of polycyclic planar mutagens to chlorophyllin resulting in inhibition of mutagenic activity Okayama University 1993 Chemoprotective properties of chlorophylls towards aflatoxin B1; a review of the antimutagenicity and anticarcinogenicity data in rainbow trout. Hawaii 1998 Activity profiles of antimutagens: in vitro and in vivo data. US Environmental Protection Agency,USA 1996 This speech was given by Sally Hesmondhalgh at the 2nd International Symposium, Nutrition Santé Mer » which took place at Granville, Normandy on the 23rd September 2003. It has been published in the proceedings of the conference by the organisers, the Institut de Phytonutrition of Deauville, France. 1 Beyerinck, M.W. Botanische Zeitung N° 45, 7 novembre 1890 2 Cité dans « Feu Vert à la santé », Dr F. Liebke, VAK, Allemagne 2003 3 idem 4 « Chlorella Now In Practical Use » Management, Menu for Mass Feeding, Japon June 1966 5 Treatment of Peptic Ulcers with Chlorella, Yamagishi ; Y., Toikawa, M., Suzuki, R., Hara, T. Warita, F. 1962 Scientific Reports on Chlorrella in Japan, Japan Chlorella Treatment Association, Silpaque Publishing, Japan 1992. 6 Experience in using Chlorella in treating refractory wounds, Hasuda, S., Mito, Y. Kyushu University, décrit dans Scientific Reports on Chlorella in Japan, op cit.. 7 Effect of Chlorella on the changes in body weight and rate of catching cold of the 1966 training fleet crew. Reported at the Japan Medical Science Meeting, Nagoya, Japan 1966 8 Use of nonspecific agents and vaccination in bronchopneumonia prevention in cattle. Terziev, V., Planski, B., Encheva, Iu. Vet Med Nauki 1983;20 (1):36-9 9 Medical Applications of Chlorella, idem. 10 Vermeil,C., et Morin, O. Le rôle expérimental des algues unicellulaires Prototheca et Chlorella dans l’immunogenèse anticancéreuse. Société de Biologie de Rennes, Séance du 21 avril 1976 La stimulation des macrophages péritoinaires tumoricides peut être induite indirectement par l’implantation dans la péritoine humaine des algues unicellulaires. Archives Institut Pasteur, Tunis mars-juin 62 (1-2) p91-4 1985 11 Chlorella : Natural Medicinal Algae, Dr David Steenblock, Ageing Research Institute, USA 1987 12 Medical Applications of Chlorella op. cit. 13 Idem. 14 Idem. 15 Feu Vert à la Santé, Dr Franck Liebke op cit 16 Nagano, T., Watanabe, Y., Honma, T., Suketa, Y. Et Yamamoto, T. Absorption and Excretion of Cadmium by the Rat administered Cadmium containing Chlorella. Eisei Kagaku 24(4) ,182-186,1978 17 Hagino et al. Effect of Chlorella on fecal and urinary cadmium excretion in « Itai-itai ». Japan Journal of Hygiene, 30 (1),77, April 1975 18 Pore, R.S., Detoxification of chlordecone-poisoned rats with chlorella and chlorella-derived sporopollenin. Drug-Chem-Toxicol. 1984, 7(1), 57-71 8 19 Akhtar, N., Iqbal, J., Iqbal, M.: Micro-algal-luffa sponge imobilized disc :a new efficient biosorbent. Department of Biology, Government Islamia College for Women, University of Punjab, Lahor, Pakistan. Lett. Appl Microbiol. 2003; 37(2):149-53 20 Chlorella accelerates dioxin excretion in rats. Moita, K., Matsueda T., Iida T, Hasegawa T. J. Nutrit. 1999 Sep ;129(9) :1731-6 21 Effects of various preparations made from Chlorella (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) cells on the defence mechnaism (immune resistance) Kanazawa Medical College Department of Serology 1980; Scientific Reports on Chlorella op.cit. 22 Regulation by the Single-celled green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa of Immunological Competence in Mice with Cancer Tumor Cells. Kanazawa Medical College, 1988 Scientific Reports on Chlorella op. Cit 23 Protective effect of acidic glycoprotein obtained from culture of Chlorella vulgaris against myelosuppression by 5-fluouracil. KonishiF, Mitsuyama M, Okuda M, Tanaka K, Hasegawa T, Nomoto K. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1966 Jun;42(5):268 -74 24 Effects of Chlorella vulgaris on bone marrow progenitor cells of mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Dantas DC, Queriroz ML. Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil Int. J; Immunopharmacol. 1999 Aug; 21(8):499-508 25 The addition of Chlorella Pyrenoidosa to the Diet of patients with malignant glioma; effects on immunocompetence, Quality of Life and Survival. Randall ME, Rice CD, Young, HF, Department of Anatomy and neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia Medical School, USA. Paper presented at the Premier Congrès International d’Ethnopharmacolie, Strasbourg, June 5-9, 1990 26 Matières Premières usuelles du règne végétal, Perrot, Paris 1944 27 Medical Applications of Chlorella, op cit 28 Antigenotoxic etc.... Negishi T, RaiH, Hayatsu H, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan. Mutat Res. 1997 May 12;376(1-2):97-100 29 Protection by chlorophyllin etc ; Dashwood RH, Department of Envionmental Biochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Carcinogenesis. 1992 Jan;13(1):113-8 30 Protective properties of chlorophylls etc. Dashwood R, Guo D. Department of Environmental Biochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Princess Takamutsu Symp 1995; 23:181-9 31 Inhibition of radiation-induced DNA damage etc. Kumar SS, Chaubey RC, Devasagayam TP, Priyadarsini KI, Chauhan PS. Celle Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India. Mutat Res. 1999 Mar 10;425(1):71-9 32 Binding of polycyclic planar mutagens etc. Arimoto S, Fukuoka S, Itome C, Nakano H, Rai H, Hayatsu H. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan. Mutat Res 1993 Jun;287(2):293-305 33 Chemoprotective properties of chlorophylls etc. Dashwood R, Negishi T, Hayatsu H, Breinholt V, Hendricks J, Bailey G. Department of Biochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Mutat Res. 1998 Mar 20;399(2):245-53 34 Activity profiles of antimutagens etc. Waters MD, Stack HF, Jackson MA, Brockman HE, De Flora S. US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. Mutat Res. 1996 Feb 19;350(1):109-29

Every January, millions of people around the world participate in Veganuary, a month-long commitment to adopting a vegan diet. This initiative, which started in 2014, aims to inspire individuals to try a plant-based lifestyle for a variety of reasons, from health benefits to environmental concerns. While Veganuary offers numerous advantages, there are also important considerations to keep in mind. Here’s a look at both the benefits and the things you need to be aware of when participating in Veganuary. The Benefits of Veganuary Health Improvements : A vegan diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes can lead to significant health benefits. Participants often experience lower cholesterol levels, improved digestion, and weight loss. A well-planned vegan diet can also reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. Environmental Impact : Adopting a plant-based diet can significantly reduce your carbon footprint. Animal agriculture is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and water usage. By choosing vegan options, you help decrease the demand for resources required to produce meat and dairy products. Animal Welfare : Veganuary raises awareness about the conditions in which animals are raised for food. By eliminating animal products from your diet, you contribute to reducing the demand for factory farming and promote more humane treatment of animals. Discovering New Foods : Trying a vegan diet can open up a world of culinary exploration. You’ll discover new ingredients, flavors, and recipes that you might not have tried otherwise, making your diet more diverse and exciting. Things to Be Aware Of Nutrient Deficiencies : While a vegan diet can be healthy, it’s essential to ensure you’re getting all the necessary nutrients. Pay particular attention to vitamin B12, iron, calcium, omega-3 fatty acids, and protein. Consider fortified foods or supplements to meet your nutritional needs. Processed Foods : Not all vegan foods are healthy. Many processed vegan products can be high in sugar, salt, and unhealthy fats. Focus on whole, minimally processed foods to reap the most health benefits from your diet. Social Challenges : Adopting a vegan diet can sometimes be socially challenging, especially in social settings where non-vegan foods are prevalent. Planning ahead, bringing your own dishes, or suggesting vegan-friendly restaurants can help you navigate these situations. Transition Period : Your body may need time to adjust to a vegan diet, particularly if you’re used to consuming animal products regularly. Gradually introducing more plant-based foods and staying hydrated can help ease this transition. Economic Considerations : While many plant-based foods are affordable, some specialty vegan products can be expensive. Planning meals and shopping smartly can help you stick to a budget. Tips for a Successful Veganuary Educate Yourself : Learn about vegan nutrition to ensure you’re meeting your dietary needs. Plan Meals : Prepare a variety of balanced meals to avoid repetitive eating and ensure you’re getting a range of nutrients. Join a Community : Connect with others participating in Veganuary for support, recipe ideas, and motivation. Stay Flexible : If you slip up, don’t be too hard on yourself. The goal is to make progress, not to achieve perfection. Veganuary is a fantastic opportunity to explore the benefits of a vegan lifestyle and make a positive impact on your health, the environment, and animal welfare. By staying informed and mindful of potential challenges, you can make the most of this transformative experience.

5-A-day 5 portions (400g) of fruit and vegetables in total, not 5 portions of each. Why 5-A-day? You probably know that fruit and vegetables are very important for health and wellbeing. The 5-A-Day campaign is based on advice from the World Health Organization (WHO), which recommends eating a minimum of 5portions of fruit and vegetables to lower the risk of serious health problems, such as heart disease, stroke, and some types of cancer. What counts as 5-A-Day? A portion of fresh fruit or vegetables is Opt for tinned or canned fruit and vegetables in natural juice or water, with no added sugar or salt. 30g of dried fruit (this is equivalent to around 80g of fresh fruit) counts as 1 portion of your 5-A-Day. Did you know? I gram of Chlorella or Spirulina provides a similar amount of vitamin and minerals to 1000 grams of most fruit and vegetables. It is one of the easiest ways to help get your 5ADay .

In a world where we're constantly striving for success, accumulating wealth, and seeking external validation, it's easy to neglect the one thing that truly sustains us: our body. The saying, "Take care of your body, it's the only place you have to live," is a powerful reminder that our physical well-being is the foundation of everything we do. Here's why prioritizing your health should be at the top of your list. Longevity and Quality of Life Taking care of your body isn't just about living longer; it's about enhancing the quality of those years. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep can significantly reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. When you invest in your health, you're more likely to enjoy your later years, free from the burden of preventable ailments. Mental Well-being Physical health and mental health are deeply interconnected. Exercise releases endorphins, which are natural mood lifters. A healthy diet rich in vitamins and minerals can improve cognitive function and emotional stability. By taking care of your body, you're also nurturing your mind, leading to reduced stress, anxiety, and depression. Energy and Productivity A well-maintained body is a powerhouse of energy. When you fuel yourself with nutritious foods and stay active, you boost your stamina and alertness. This increased energy translates into higher productivity in your professional and personal life. You're more focused, efficient, and capable of handling daily challenges with ease. Self-Esteem and Confidence When you take care of your body, you naturally start to feel better about yourself. Achieving fitness goals, maintaining a healthy weight, and simply feeling good in your skin can boost your self-esteem. This confidence radiates into every aspect of your life, from your career to your relationships. Role Modeling Taking care of your body sets a positive example for those around you, especially children. By prioritizing your health, you teach them the importance of self-care and the long-term benefits of a healthy lifestyle. This ripple effect can lead to a healthier, more conscious community. Practical Steps to Take Care of Your Body Exercise Regularly : Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity each week, along with muscle-strengthening activities on two or more days a week. Eat a Balanced Diet : Focus on a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains, and healthy fats. Avoid excessive sugar, salt, and processed foods. Stay Hydrated : Drink plenty of water throughout the day. Hydration is crucial for every cellular function in your body. Get Enough Sleep : Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep per night. Quality sleep is essential for physical and mental recovery. Manage Stress : Practice mindfulness, meditation, or yoga. Find activities that help you relax and decompress. Your body is your lifelong companion. It deserves the same dedication and care that you put into other areas of your life. By prioritizing your health, you're ensuring that you can live fully and vibrantly, making the most of every moment. So, take care of your body—it’s the only place you have to live in.

March 2020   T S Kumar   1 ,  A Josephine   1 ,  T Sreelatha   1 ,  V N Azger Dusthackeer   2 ,  B Mahizhaveni   2 ,  G Dharani   3 ,  R Kirubagaran   1 ,  S Raja Kumar   4   1. Marine Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Ocean Technology, (Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India), Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100, India.   2. National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, 600031, India.   3. Marine Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Ocean Technology, (Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India), Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100, India. Electronic address: dhara@niot.res.in .   4. Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, 620024, India. Electronic address: kodairaj@gmail.com .   Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance:  The multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, still remains as one of the major threat to mankind, despite the availability of a live attenuated vaccine and effective antibiotics. Marine microalgae, at all times, act as a key resource for valuable therapeutic compounds with limited side effects. Aim of the study:  The present explorative attempt is to isolate the biomolecules of pharmacological importance from the marine microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris, and to evaluate its effect on the ever dreadful disease, Tuberculosis. The study is also aimed to develop an economically feasible methodology for by-products extraction from microalgae. Materials and methods:  Fatty acids-carotenoid complexes (FACC), namely, FACC-1 (red oil) and FACC-2 (brown oil) were isolated, in addition to lipid and lutein from the Chlorella Growth Factor (CGF, a protein fraction enriched with vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates)-extracted spent biomass through column chromatography. Results:  FACC-1 is a complex of fatty acids such as oleic and linoleic acids, and carotenoids such as canthaxanthin and neoxanthin. FACC-2 is a complex of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids and carotenoids (cryptoxanthin and echinenone). Initial screening for evaluation of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of FACC-1 and -2 was performed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains such as H37Rv, SHRE sensitive clinical isolate and SHRE resistant clinical isolate. MBC was noted at 10 μg/mL by FACC-1 and at 5 μg/mL by FACC-2, determined using colony forming and Lucipherase Reporter Mycobacteriophages (LRP) assay. Testing in the PAN sensitive isolates indicated that the MBC was noted at 5 μg/mL by FACC-1 and at 2.5 μg/mL by FACC-2. Complete inhibition (100%) was observed at 100 μg/mL by FACC-1 and at 50 μg/mL by FACC-2. Testing of FACC-1 and FACC-2 individually as well as in combination on two different types of MDR strains confirmed the efficacy of the algal oils, wherein in MDR-strain 1, FACC-1 revealed 50% inhibition at 10 μg/mL, while FACC-2 exhibited the same at 5 μg/mL. Conversely, in the case of MDR strain-2, MBC of FACC-1 was at 500 μg/mL and MBCof FACC-2 to be at 250 μg/mL. No significant synergistic effect was observed on combining both the oils. Conclusion:  The study signifies the development of a potent therapeutic agent comprising of a complex of anti-TB agent (fatty acids) and antioxidants (carotenoids) from the CGF-extracted spent biomass of C. vulgaris. Keywords:  Carotenoids; Chlorella vulgaris; Linoleic acid; Linolenic acid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Oleic acid. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In the early 1950s,Dr. Fujimaki of the People's Scientific Re.search Center in Tokyo separated a substance from a hot-waterextract of chlorella by electrophoresis (electrically induced move.ment of suspended particles through water). This hitherto un.known fraction of chlorella was found to be rich in nucleicfactors and was named Chlorella Growth Factor (CGF). Early experiments with young laboratory animals (rats, rabbits, pigs and chicks)showed that adding 5 to 10 percent ofchlorella to the regular feed brought dramatic increases in weightgain and size. These gains ranged from a low of 10 percent toa high of 47 percent compared to control groups. Dr. Yoshio Yamagishi received permission from the authori-ties to try chlorella on human volunteers. They were healthyten-year-old students, 22 boys and 18 girls, studying at OkunoPrimary School in Tokyo. Another group of the same age andcomposition served as controls. The height and weight of all the children were recorded on aregular basis. At the end of the experiment in which the testgroup received two grams of chlorella daily(except on Sun-days) for 112 days,the average increase for boys taking chlo-rella was one inch in height and 2.3 pounds in weight. The boys in the control group grew 0.6 inches in height andgained 1.6 pounds in weight. The girls of both groups gained an average of 0.9 inches inheight, but the girls who took chlorella gained an average of4.2 pounds, while the controls gained 2.7 pounds. This capacity to promote growth in the young is apparentlyrelated to chlorella's ability to stimulate the healing process inthe body and work against many disease states-probably dueto its nucleic acid content more than anything else-since thesame substances and process that accelerate growth in theyoung promote repair of damaged tissue in mature animalsand humans.2.3

September 2015 Heerim Kang   1 ,  Chang Hyung Lee   2 ,  Jong Rhan Kim   3   4 ,  Jung Yeon Kwon   4 ,  Sang Gwon Seo   5   6 ,  Jae Gab Han   7   8 ,  Byung Gon Kim   9   10 ,  Jong-Eun Kim   11   12   13 ,  Ki Won Lee   14   15   16   1. WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. heeerim@gmail.com . 2. WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. changhyungds@naver.com . 3. WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. jungykwon@snu.ac.kr . 4. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea. jungykwon@snu.ac.kr . 5. WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. seo0414@naver.com . 6. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea. seo0414@naver.com . 7. Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea. jaegab@daesang.com . 8. Department of Health Food Research & Development of Daesang Corp., Icheon 467-813, Korea. jaegab@daesang.com . 9. Department of Health Food Research & Development of Daesang Corp., Icheon 467-813, Korea. gonee@daesang.com . 10. Interdisplinary course of Science for Aging, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea. gonee@daesang.com . 1. 1 WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. idonlik1@snu.ac.kr . 11. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea. idonlik1@snu.ac.kr . 12. Research Institute of Bio-Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio-Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 232-916, Korea. idonlik1@snu.ac.kr . 13. WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. kiwon@snu.ac.kr . 14. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea. kiwon@snu.ac.kr . 15. Research Institute of Bio-Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio-Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 232-916, Korea. kiwon@snu.ac.kr .   Abstract Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and inflammatory skin disease that can place a significant burden on quality of life for patients. AD most frequently appears under the age of six and although its prevalence is increasing worldwide, therapeutic treatment options are limited. Chlorella vulgaris (CV) is a species of the freshwater green algae genus chlorella, and has been reported to modulate allergy-inducible factors when ingested. Here, we examined the effect of CV supplementation on AD-like symptoms in NC/Nga mice. CV was orally administrated for six weeks while AD-like symptoms were induced via topical application of Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE). CV treatment reduced dermatitis scores, epidermal thickness, and skin hydration. Histological analysis also revealed that CV treatment reduced DFE-induced eosinophil and mast cell infiltration into the skin, while analysis of serum chemokine levels indicated that CV treatment downregulated thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) levels. In addition, CV treatment downregulated mRNA expression levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ. Taken together, these results suggest that CV extract may have potential as a nutraceutical ingredient for the prevention of AD.  Keywords:  atopic dermatitis; chlorella vulgaris; immune cell infiltration; inflammatory cytokines; inflammatory skin lesions.

September 2015 Heerim Kang   1 ,  Chang Hyung Lee   2 ,  Jong Rhan Kim   3   4 ,  Jung Yeon Kwon   4 ,  Sang Gwon Seo   5   6 ,  Jae Gab Han   7   8 ,  Byung Gon Kim   9   10 ,  Jong-Eun Kim   11   12   13 ,  Ki Won Lee   14   15   16   1. WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. heeerim@gmail.com . 2. WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. changhyungds@naver.com . 3. WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. jungykwon@snu.ac.kr . 4. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea. jungykwon@snu.ac.kr . 5. WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. seo0414@naver.com . 6. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea. seo0414@naver.com . 7. 7Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea. jaegab@daesang.com . 8. Department of Health Food Research & Development of Daesang Corp., Icheon 467-813, Korea. jaegab@daesang.com . 9. Department of Health Food Research & Development of Daesang Corp., Icheon 467-813, Korea. gonee@daesang.com . 10. Interdisplinary course of Science for Aging, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea. gonee@daesang.com . 11. WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. idonlik1@snu.ac.kr . 12. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea. idonlik1@snu.ac.kr . 13. Research Institute of Bio-Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio-Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 232-916, Korea. idonlik1@snu.ac.kr . 14. WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. kiwon@snu.ac.kr . 15. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea. kiwon@snu.ac.kr . 16. Research Institute of Bio-Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio-Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 232-916, Korea. kiwon@snu.ac.kr .   Abstract Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and inflammatory skin disease that can place a significant burden on quality of life for patients. AD most frequently appears under the age of six and although its prevalence is increasing worldwide, therapeutic treatment options are limited. Chlorella vulgaris (CV) is a species of the freshwater green algae genus chlorella, and has been reported to modulate allergy-inducible factors when ingested. Here, we examined the effect of CV supplementation on AD-like symptoms in NC/Nga mice. CV was orally administrated for six weeks while AD-like symptoms were induced via topical application of Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE). CV treatment reduced dermatitis scores, epidermal thickness, and skin hydration. Histological analysis also revealed that CV treatment reduced DFE-induced eosinophil and mast cell infiltration into the skin, while analysis of serum chemokine levels indicated that CV treatment downregulated thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) levels. In addition, CV treatment downregulated mRNA expression levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ. Taken together, these results suggest that CV extract may have potential as a nutraceutical ingredient for the prevention of AD.  Keywords:  atopic dermatitis; chlorella vulgaris; immune cell infiltration; inflammatory cytokines; inflammatory skin lesions.

2018 Bożena Muszyńska   1 ,  Agata Krakowska   2 ,  Jan Lazur   1 ,  Barbara Jękot   1 ,  Łukasz Zimmer   3 ,  Agnieszka Szewczyk   1 ,  Katarzyna Sułkowska-Ziaja   1 ,  Ewa Poleszak   3 ,  Włodzimierz Opoka   2   1. Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland.   2. Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland. 3.   4. Chair and Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland. Abstract Chlorella vulgaris  Beijerinck is a spherical, green alga belonging to the genus  Chlorella  and family Chlorellaceae. It has high nutritional value and shows multiple biological effects. Dietary supplements that contain extracts of  C. vulgaris  are sold in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, and aqueous solutions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the content of bioelements (zinc, iron, and magnesium), phenolic compounds, and lutein before and after incubation with artificial digestive juices from preparations containing  C. vulgaris . In this study, we used commercial preparations in the form of powder and tablets. The samples were incubated in artificial gastric juice and then in artificial intestinal juice for 30 and 90 min. The contents of bioelements were determined by using the flame atomic absorption spectrometric method. Lutein and phenolic compounds were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. We also aimed to evaluate the quality of chlorella-containing formulations by using the methods described in the European Pharmacopoeia 8th edition. According to the results, the preparations containing  C. vulgaris  demonstrated the presence of phenolic compounds and lutein. Therefore, daily supplementation of preparations containing  C. vulgaris  substantiates its usefulness for humans. The qualitative composition of the examined organic substances and bioelements was found to be in accordance with the manufacturer's declarations on the packaging containing  C. vulgaris compared with the control samples; however, the contents of bioelements were found to be negligible after incubation with artificial digestive juices. This shows that the examined preparations containing  C. vulgaris  are not good sources of bioelements such as zinc, iron, or magnesium. Keywords:  Artificial digestive juice; Chlorella vulgaris; Dietary supplements; Lutein; Phenolic compounds.